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2019年7月18日雅思考试预测机经部分内容

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The Adolescents

[A] The American Academy of Pediatrics recognizes three stages of adolescence. There are early, middle  and  late   adolescence,  and  each   has  its  own  developmental   tasks.  Teenagers  move through these tasks at their own speed depending on their physical development and hormone levels. Although these stages are common to all teenagers, each child will go through them in his or her own highly individual ways.

[B] During the early years young people make the first attempts to leave the dependent, secure role of a child and to establish themselves as unique individuals, independent of their parents. Early adolescence is marked by  rapid physical growth and maturation. The focus of adolescents' self-concepts  are   thus   often  on   their   physical  self   and  their   evaluation   of  their physical acceptability. Early adolescence is also a period of intense conformity to peers. 'Getting along.' not  being  different,  and  being  accepted  seem  somehow  pressing  to  the  early  adolescent.  The worst possibility, from the view of the early adolescent, is to be seen by peers as 'different.'

[C] Middle adolescence is marked by the emergence of new thinking skills. The intellectual world of the young person is suddenly greatly expanded. Their concerns about peers are more directed toward  their  opposite  sexed  peers.   It  is  also  during  this  period  that  the   move  to  establish psychological independence from one's parents accelerates. Delinquency behavior may emerge since  parental  views  are  no  longer  seen  as  absolutely  correct  by  adolescents.  Despite  some delinquent  behavior,  middle  adolescence  is  a  period  during  which  young  people  are  oriented toward what is right and proper. They are developing a sense of behavioral maturity and learning to control their impulsiveness.

[D]  Late  adolescence  is  marked  be  the  final  preparations  for  adult  roles.  The  developmental demands of late adolescence often extend into the period that we think of as young adulthood. Late adolescents attempt to crystallize their vocational goals and to establish sense       of personal identity.  Their  needs   for  peer  approval   are  diminished  and  they   are largely psychologically independent from their parents. The shift to adulthood is nearly complete.

[E]  Some  years  ago,  Professor  Robert  Havighurst  of  the  University  of  Chicago  proposed  that stages in human development can best be thought of in terms of the developmental tasks that are part of the normal. He identified eleven developmental tasks associated with the adolescent transition. One developmental task an adolescent needs to achieve is  to adjust to a new physical sense of self. At no other time since birth does an individual undergo such rapid and profound physical  changes  as  during  early  adolescence.  Puberty  is  marked  by  sudden  rapid growth  in height and weight. Also, the young person experiences the emergence and accentuation of those physical traits that make him    or her a  boy or a girl. The effect of this      rapid change  is that the young adolescent often becomes focused on his or her body.

[F] Before adolescence, children's thinking is dominated by a need to have a concrete example for any  problem  that  they  solve.  Their  thinking  is  constrained  to  what  is  real  and physical.  During adolescence, young people begin to recognize and understand abstractions. The adolescent must adjust to increased cognitive demands at school. Adults see high school in part as a place where adolescents  prepare  for  adult  roles  and  responsibilities  and  in  part  as  preparatory  for  further education. School curricula are frequently dominated by inclusion of more abst   ract, demanding material,  regardless  of  whether  the  adolescents  have  achieved  formal  thought.  Since  not  all adolescents make the intellectual transition at the same rate, demands for abstract thinking prior to achievement of that ability may be frustrating.

[G] During adolescence, as teens develop increasingly complex knowledge systems and a sense of self,  they  also  adopt  an  integrated  set  of  values  and  morals.  During  the  early  stages  of  moral development, parents provide their child with a structured set of rules of what is right and wrong, what is acceptable and unacceptable. Eventually the adolescent must assess the parents' values as  they  come  into  conflict  with  values  expressed  by  peers  and  other  segments  of  society.  To reconcile differences, the adolescent restructures those beliefs into a personal ideology.

[H] The adolescent must develop expanded verbal skills. As adolescents mature intellectually, as they face increased school demands, and as they prepare for adult roles, they must develop new verbal  skills  to   accommodate  more  complex   concepts  and  tasks.  Their   limited  language  of childhood  is  no  longer  adequate.   Adolescents  may  appear  less  competent  because of  their inability to express themselves meaningfully.

[I]  The  adolescent  must  establish   and  psychological  independence  from  his  or   her  parents. Childhood is marked by strong dependence on one's parents. Adolescents may yearn to keep that safe,   secure,  supportive,   dependent   relationship.   Yet,  to   be   an  adult   implies   a   sense  of independence, of autonomy, of being one's own person. Adolescents may vacillate between their desire for dependence and their need to be independent. In an attempt to assert their need for independence and individuality, adolescents may respond with what appears to be hostility and lack of cooperation.

[J] Adolescents  do not progress through these multiple developmental tasks separately. At any given   time,   adolescents   may  be   dealing   with   several.   Further,   the   centrality   of  specific developmental tasks varies with early, middle, and late periods of the transition.

Questions 1-6

Matching  the  following  characteristics  with  the  correct  stages  of  the  adolescents.  Write  the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

  1. early adolescence
  2. middle adolescence
  3. later adolescence
  4. interested in the opposite sex
  5. exposure to danger
  6. the same as others
  7. beginning to form individual thinking without family context
  8. less need approval of friends
  9. intellectual booming

Questions 7-10

Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F, below. Write the correct letters A-F, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

  1. One of Havighurst's research
  2. High school courses
  3. Adolescence is time when young people
  4. The developmental speed of thinking patterns

List of the statements

  1. form personal identity with a set of moral and values.
  2. develops a table and productive peer relationships.
  3. are designed to be more challenging than some can accept.
  4. varies from people to people.
  5. focuses on creating self image.
  6. become an extension of their parents.

Questions 11-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

  1. The adolescent lacks the ability of thinking abstractly.
  2. Adolescents may have deficit in their language ability.
  3. The adolescent experiences a transition from reliance on his parents to independence.

答案：

  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
  4. A
  5. C
  6. B
  7. E
  8. C
  9. A
  10. D
  11. FALSE
  12. TRUE
  13. TRUE